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The transfer of heat is defined as the movement of energy from one body to another. The best way to understand this phenomenon is by looking at how it works with two bodies in contact with each other through a fluid, such as water or air. First, there must be conduction, which takes place when the molecules conform themselves to the surface that they are touching. This conductive fluid provides a path for electrons and ions to flow easily between two substances. Next comes radiation, which refers to body vibrations that cause waves of heat energy. Finally, convection helps transfer heat away from one object by taking advantage of differences in temperature among fluids within the same system or between different systems. When heat flows from a warmer object to a cooler object, the temperature difference between the two objects is maintained. For example, when ice melts in warm water, the temperature of the surrounding water remains at approximately . The thermal equilibrium of hot water in closed containers is maintained by means of convection because heat always moves from hotter to colder objects. Convection takes place when an object with hot fluid inside it is surrounded by colder fluid. Hoter-fluid molecules can flow faster than cooler-fluid molecules under certain conditions, causing them to move upward. When this happens, heat energy created by the hotter-fluid molecules gets transferred to the colder-fluid molecules. The higher the temperature difference, the faster convection occurs. Convection can also happen when an object is surrounded by a vapor, in which case the hot molecules in the vapor flow more easily than cool molecules. When this happens, less heat energy is transfered to the cooler-fluid objects and more of the heat remains with the hot-fluid objects. Convection can also take place in foods. For instance, it is said that bouillon breaks down because of convection; specifically an increase in temperature within a hot dish tends to force up its contents and then more of its contents come into contact with cooler air above. Thermodynamics describes the behavior of systems that involve the transfer of energy from one form to another. In a system that involves a temperature difference, there is a transfer of energy, but no matter how much energy is transferred, the total energy remains constant. This law can be expressed as follows: The transfer of heat from an object to its surroundings is determined by the temperature differential between the object and its surroundings. In most cases, there is a temperature gradient from hotter to colder objects with this also being an indirect means of transferring heat from one object to another. In order for heat to flow from a warmer body to a cooler object, some form of boundary must exist between these two objects. This boundary must exist by virtue of the fluid that surrounds these objects. It is also important to note that an object with no boundary cannot transfer heat to its surroundings, nor can it absorb heat from its surroundings. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather it is always conserved. One form of energy transferred between objects is energy in the form of heat (also known as thermal energy). When many thermal gradients are present, some amount of transfer of thermal energy will occur among all objects within a system. For instance, convection takes place when a warmer-fluid object is immersed in a cooler-fluid container. cfa1e77820
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